home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- ****************************************************
- * Beta-transducin family Trp-Asp repeats signature *
- ****************************************************
-
- Beta-transducin (G-beta) is one of the three subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma)
- of the guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) which act as
- intermediaries in the transduction of signals generated by transmembrane
- receptors [1]. The alpha subunit binds to and hydrolyzes GTP; the functions of
- the beta and gamma subunits are less clear but they seem to be required for
- the replacement of GDP by GTP as well as for membrane anchoring and
- receptor recognition.
-
- In higher eukaryotes G-beta exists as a small multigene family of highly
- conserved proteins of about 340 amino acid residues. Structurally G-beta
- consists of eight tandem repeats of about 40 residues, each containing a
- central Trp-Asp motif (this type of repeat is sometimes called a WD-40
- repeat). Such a repetitive segment has been shown [2,3] to exist in a number
- of other proteins listed below:
-
- - Yeast STE4, a component of the pheromone response pathway. STE4 is a G-beta
- like protein that associates with GPA1 (G-alpha) and STE18 (G-gamma).
- - Yeast MSI1, a negative regulator of RAS-mediated cAMP synthesis. MSI1 is
- most probably also a G-beta protein.
-
- - Human and chicken protein 12.3. The function of this protein is not known,
- but on the basis of its similarity to G-beta proteins, it may also function
- in signal transduction.
- - Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gblp. This protein is most probably the homolog
- of vertebrate protein 12.3.
- - Human LIS-1, a neuronal protein involved in type-1 lissencephaly [4].
- - Mammalian coatomer beta' subunit (beta'-COP), a component of a cytosolic
- protein complex that reversibly associates with Golgi membranes to form
- vesicles that mediate biosynthetic protein transport [5].
-
- - Yeast CDC4, essential for initiation of DNA replication and separation of
- the spindle pole bodies to form the poles of the mitotic spindle.
- - Yeast CDC20, a protein required for two microtubule-dependent processes:
- nuclear movements prior to anaphase and chromosome separation.
- - Yeast MAK11, essential for cell growth and for the replication of M1
- double-stranded RNA.
- - Yeast PRP4, a component of the U4/U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein with
- a probable role in mRNA splicing.
- - Yeast PWP1, a protein of unknown function.
- - Yeast SKI8, a protein essential for controlling the propagation of double-
- stranded RNA.
- - Yeast SOF1, a protein required for ribosomal RNA processing which
- associates with U3 small nucleolar RNA.
- - Yeast TUP1 (also known as AER2 or SFL2 or CYC9), a protein which has been
- implicated in dTMP uptake, catabolite repression, mating sterility, and
- many other phenotypes.
- - Yeast YCR57c, an ORF of unknown function from chromosome III.
- - Yeast YCR72c, an ORF of unknown function from chromosome III.
-
- - Slime mold coronin, an actin-binding protein.
- - Slime mold AAC3, a developmentally regulated protein of unknown function.
-
- - Drosophila protein Groucho (formerly known as E(spl); 'enhancer of split'),
- a protein involved in neurogenesis and that seems to interact with the
- Notch and Delta proteins.
- - Drosophila TAF-II-80, a protein that is tightly associated with TFIID [6].
-
- The number of repeats in the above proteins varies between 5 (PRP4, TUP1, and
- Groucho) and 8 (G-beta, STE4, MSI1, AAC3, CDC4, PWP1, etc.). In G-beta and G-
- beta like proteins, the repeats span the entire length of the sequence, while
- in other proteins, they make up the N-terminal, the central or the C-terminal
- section.
-
- A signature pattern can be developed from the central core of the domain
- (positions 9 to 23).
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIVMSTAC]-[LIVMFYWSTAGC]-[LIMSTAG]-[LIVMSTAGC]-x(2)-[DN]-
- x(2)-[LIVMWSTAC]-x-[LIVMFSTAG]-W-[DEN]-[LIVMFSTAGCN]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL. This
- pattern does not detect ALL the occurrences of the domain in any of the above
- proteins, as some of the copies of the domain are less conserved.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 58 other proteins, but in all of
- them, the pattern is found only ONCE, whereas it is found at least twice or
- more in proteins of the beta-transducin family (except for coronin).
-
- -Expert(s) to contact by email: Boguski M.S.
- boguski@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Gilman A.G.
- Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:615-649(1987).
- [ 2] Duronio R.J., Gordon J.I., Boguski M.S.
- Proteins 13:41-56(1992).
- [ 3] van der Voorn L., Ploegh H.L.
- FEBS Lett. 307:131-134(1992).
- [ 4] Reiner O., Carrozo R., Shen Y., Wehnert M., Faustinella F., Dobyns W.B.,
- Caskey C.T., Ledbetter D.H.
- Nature 364:717-721(1993).
- [ 5] Stenbeck G., Harter C., Brecht A., Herrmann D., Lottspeich F., Orci L.,
- Wieland F.T.
- EMBO J. 12:2841-2845(1993).
- [ 6] Dynlacht B.D., Weinzierl R.O.J., Admon A., Tjian R.
- Nature 363:176-178(1993).
-